Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a complex iatrogenic movement disorder caused by prolonged dopamine receptor antagonism, often occurring in individuals on long-term antipsychotic medications. It presents with involuntary movements such as akathisia, dystonia, and buccolingual stereotypy. Even after discontinuing the causative medication, symptoms can persist, making management challenging. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the diagnosis, management, and pharmacological treatments for TD, addressing its multifaceted nature and the difficulties it poses for clinicians.

The review highlights the etiology of TD, which is primarily associated with both first- and second-generation antipsychotics, with first-generation drugs carrying a higher risk. The pathophysiology of TD involves dopamine receptor hypersensitivity, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Diagnosis relies on the persistence of symptoms following medication use. While treatment options remain limited, VMAT2 inhibitors like valbenazine and deutetrabenazine show promise. Preventative strategies, such as careful prescribing and regular monitoring, are crucial. Advances in pharmacological treatments offer hope, but prevention remains the most effective strategy in managing TD.

Reference: Alshammari SRH, Almutairi YTT, Alotaibi SJF, et al. Tardive Dyskinesia: A Complicated Iatrogenic Movement Condition—An Updated Overview of Diagnosis, Management, and Pharmacological Treatment. JoE. 2024;3(8):9277-9284. doi: https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.5534.