Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an involuntary movement disorder that develops as a side effect of long-term use of medications that block dopamine receptors, such as antipsychotics. TD can be confused with other movement disorders such as Tourette syndrome, drug-induced Parkinsonism, and dystonia. Tourette syndrome is primarily a tic disorder that emerges in childhood, while Parkinsonism often involves muscle rigidity and tremors with a different underlying cause. In contrast, dystonia causes sustained muscle contractions that lead to unusual postures.

TD is classified separately due to its distinctive presentation, primarily involving complex, involuntary movements of the face and mouth. Unlike drug-induced Parkinsonism, which may resolve when medication is stopped, TD tends to persist after drug discontinuation. Treatment for TD includes discontinuing the causative medication and using FDA-approved VMAT2 inhibitors like deutetrabenazine and valbenazine. While there is no cure for TD or similar movement disorders, supportive therapies like deep brain stimulation and medication can help manage symptoms.

Reference: Gillette H. What’s the Difference Between Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Movement Disorders? Your FAQs. Healthline. Updated February 14, 2024. Accessed September 9, 2024. https://www.healthline.com/health/tardive-dyskinesia-and-other-movement-disorders#takeaway